- Samurai following a strict code called Bushido
- Samurai with two swords, and nobody else allowed to be armed
- Samurai with shaved heads and the Chonmage topknot
- The streets filled with scruffy ronin
- A powerful shogunate calling all the shots
- Kabuki theater
All of these are products of the Tokugawa Era (1600-1868), which would be more like the 1600's-1800's of Europe. Think of the Three Musketeers, powdered wigs, smallswords and rapiers, and that's what all of that stuff is more like. Same era, other side of the world.
Our campaign setting is a medieval setting, with events cribbed from the 1300's-1400's. Japan was a rougher, more divided place, and the samurai's code of honor was more loosely defined. The ethics and morals were very similar, but "proper behavior" and etiquette were not nearly as rigid. The things you think of as "samurai behavior" actually evolved during this era.
Wikipedia says the following:

